Which methods can produce primary radiation when electrons interact with the anode?

The correct methods that produce primary radiation when electrons interact with the anode are Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic radiation.

Bremsstrahlung, or "braking radiation," occurs when high-speed electrons are decelerated upon interaction with the nuclear field of the anode's target atoms. This interaction causes the electrons to lose energy, and as a result, energy is emitted in the form of X-rays. Bremsstrahlung radiation is responsible for the majority of X-ray production in a typical x-ray tube.

Characteristic radiation, on the other hand, occurs when an incoming electron collides with an inner-shell electron of the target atom, knocking it out of its orbit. This creates a vacancy that is filled by an outer-shell electron, resulting in the release of energy in the form of X-ray photons. The energy of these photons corresponds to the difference in binding energy between the shells involved, hence the term "characteristic," as it is specific to the element of the target material.

Both mechanisms are fundamental to the operation of X-ray tubes, and understanding their roles helps in comprehending how X-ray production occurs during diagnostic imaging procedures.